Fill in the order form by following Research Papers On Religion the simple step-by-step procedure in order to pay essay writers at blogger.com Research Papers On Religion to write your essay online. The online payment process is % confidential and secure. Once you place your order, our writer will start working on your paper/10() Religion Research Paper Examples. See our collection of religion research paper examples. These example papers are to help you understanding how to write this type of written assignments. Religion is any cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, ethics, or organizations, that relate humanity to the supernatural or ABSTRACT This research examined the longitudinal relationships between personality and religious values. High school students in Grades 10 ( males, females; mean age = yrs) and Grade 12 ( males, females; mean age = yrs) completed personality and religious measures as part of the Wollongong Youth blogger.com: Nicholas Terpstra
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. BoxDurham, NCUSA. It is based on a systematic review of original data-based quantitative research research papers on religion in research papers on religion journals between andincluding a few seminal articles published since First, I provide a brief historical background to set the stage.
Finally, I discuss what health professionals should do in light of these research findings and make recommendations in this regard, research papers on religion. Religion, medicine, and healthcare have been related in one way or another in all population groups since the beginning of recorded history research papers on religion 1 ].
Only in recent times have these systems of healing been separated, and this separation has occurred largely in highly developed nations; in many developing countries, there is little or no such separation.
The history of religion, research papers on religion, medicine, and healthcare in developed countries of the West, though, is a fascinating one. The first hospitals in the West for the care of the sick in the general population were built by religious organizations and staffed by religious orders.
Throughout the Middle Ages and up through the French Revolution, physicians were often clergy. For hundreds of years, in fact, religious institutions were responsible for licensing physicians to practice medicine. In the American colonies, in particular, many of the clergy were also physicians—often as a second job that helped to supplement their meager income from church work.
Care for those with mental health problems in the West also had its roots within monasteries and religious communities [ 2 ]. Research papers on religionthe Priory of St.
Mary of Bethlehem was built in London on the Thames River [ 3 ]. Inresearch papers on religion, however, St.
Mary's was torn down and replaced by Bethlehem or Bethlem Hospital [ 4 ]. In later years, an admission fee 2 pence was charged to the general public to observe the patients abusing themselves or other patients [ 4 ]. Not long after this, the Quakers brought moral treatment to America, where it became the dominant form of psychiatric care in that country [ 6 ]. Psychiatric hospitals that followed in the footsteps of Friends Asylum were the Research papers on religion Hospital established in in Boston, and now associated with Harvardthe Bloomingdale Asylum established in in New Yorkand the Hartford Retreat established in in Connecticut —all modeled after the York Retreat and implementing moral research papers on religion as the dominant therapy.
It was not until modern times that religion and psychiatry began to part paths. This separation was encouraged by the psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. Included among these were Religious Acts and Obsessive Practices [ 8 ], research papers on religion, Psychoanalysis and Religion [ 9 ], Future of an Illusion [ 10 ], and Moses research papers on religion Monotheism [ 11 ]. These writings left a legacy that would influence the practice of psychiatry—especially psychotherapy—for the rest of the century and lead to a true schism between religion and mental health care.
That schism was illustrated in by a systematic review of the religious content of DSM-III-R, which found nearly one-quarter of all cases of mental illness being described using religious illustrations [ 12 ]. The conflict has continued to the present day. This conflict has manifested in the clinical work of many mental health professionals, who have generally ignored the religious resources of patients or viewed them as pathological.
Even more concerning, however, is that the conflict has caused psychiatrists to avoid conducting research on religion and mental health. This explains why so little is known about the relationship between religious involvement and severe mental disorders see Handbook of Religion and Health [ 17 ], research papers on religion. Despite the negative views and opinions held by many mental health professionals, research examining religion, spirituality, and health has been rapidly expanding—and most of it is occurring outside the field of psychiatry.
This research is being published in journals from a wide range of disciplines, including those in medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, social work, public health, research papers on religion, sociology, psychology, religion, spirituality, pastoral care, chaplain, population studies, and even in economics and law journals.
Most of these disciplines do not readily communicate with each another, and their journal audiences seldom overlap. The result is a massive research literature that is scattered throughout the medical, social, and behavioral sciences. To get a sense of how rapidly the research base is growing see Figure 1. The graphs plot the number of studies published in peer-reviewed journals during every noncumulative 3-year period from to Google Scholar presents a more comprehensive picture since it includes studies published in both Medline research papers on religion non-Medline journals.
Before summarizing the research findings, it is first necessary to provide definitions of the words religion and spirituality that I am using, research papers on religion.
For an in depth discussion, research papers on religion, including an exploration of contamination and confounding in the measurement of spirituality, I refer the reader to other sources [ 18 — 20 ]. Here are the definitions we provided in the Handbook. This often involves the mystical or supernatural.
Religions usually have specific beliefs about life after death and rules about conduct within a social group. Religion is a multidimensional construct that includes beliefs, behaviors, rituals, and ceremonies that may be held or practiced in private or public settings, but are in some way derived from established traditions that developed over time within a community.
Religion is also an organized system of beliefs, practices, and symbols designed a to facilitate closeness research papers on religion the transcendent, and b to foster an understanding of one's relationship and responsibility to others in living together in a community.
Spirituality is intimately connected to the supernatural, the mystical, and to organized religion, research papers on religion also extends beyond organized religion and begins before it. Spirituality includes both a search for the transcendent and the discovery of the transcendent and so involves traveling along the path that leads from nonconsideration to questioning to either staunch nonbelief or belief, and if belief, then ultimately to research papers on religion and finally, surrender.
Thus, our definition of spirituality is very similar to religion and there is clearly overlap. For the research review presented here, given the similarity in my definition of these terms and the fact that spirituality in the research has either been measured using questions assessing religion or by items assessing mental health thereby contaminating the construct and causing tautological resultsI will be using religion and spirituality interchangeably i.
The information presented here is based on a systematic review of peer-reviewed original data-based reports published though mid and summarized in two editions of the Handbook of Religion and Health [ 23research papers on religion, 24 ]. How these systematic reviews were conducted, however, needs brief explanation.
This is particularly true for ratings of study methodology that are used to summarize the findings below. The systematic review to identify the studies presented in the Handbooks and summarized in this paper was conducted as follows. We utilized a combination of strategies to identify the studies excluding most reviews or qualitative research.
First, we systematically searched online databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, etc. Second, we asked prominent researchers in the field to alert us to published research they knew about and to send us research that they themselves had conducted.
Third, if there were studies cited in the reference lists research papers on religion the studies located, we tracked down those as well, research papers on religion. All of these studies are described in the appendices of the two editions of the Handbook. Bear in mind that many, many research papers on religion qualitative studies have been published on the topic that were not included in this review.
In order to assess the methodological quality of the studies, quality ratings were assigned as follows. Ratings of each of the more than 3, studies were made on a scale from 0 low to 10 high and were performed by a single examiner HGK to ensure rating consistency. Scores were determined according to the following eight criteria: study design clinical trial, prospective cohort, cross-sectional, etc.
Cooper emphasized the definition of variables, validity and reliability of measures, representativeness of the sample sample size, sampling method, and response ratesresearch papers on religion, research methods quality of experimental manipulation and adequacy of control group for clinical trialshow well the execution of the study conformed to the design, appropriateness of statistical tests power, control variablesand the interpretation of results.
To assess the reliability of the ratings, we compared HGK's ratings on 75 studies with the ratings made by an independent outside reviewer Andrew Futterman, Ph. Since scores of 7 or higher indicated higher quality studies, we also compared the scores between the two raters in terms of lower 0—6 versus higher 7—10 quality.
This was done by dichotomizing scores into two categories 0—6 versus 7—10 and comparing the categories between the two examiners. The kappa of agreement κ between the two raters was 0. I now summarize the results of the systematic review described above.
In the present paper, I have chosen to cite original reports as examples of the most rigorous studies in each area based on ratings in the Handbooks i. Cited here are both research papers on religion and negative studies reporting significant relationships.
For some topics, such as well-being and depression, there are too many high-quality studies to cite, so only a few examples of the best studies are provided. In the first edition of the Handbook [ 27 ], we identified studies published prior to the year and studies published between and for a total of studies. Positive emotions include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, meaning and purpose, high self-esteem, and a sense of control over life.
Related to positive emotions are positive psychological traits such as altruism, being kind or compassionate, forgiving, and grateful. Of the six highest quality studies, half found a positive relationship [ 79 — 81 ]. Again, as with hope, no studies reported inverse relationships. These studies were often in populations where there was a challenge to having meaning and purpose, such as in people with chronic disabling illness. Of the 10 studies with quality ratings of 7 or higher, all 10 reported significant positive associations [ 86 — 89 ].
Not surprisingly, these findings are parallel to those of depression below in the opposite direction, of course. With regard to character traits, the findings are similar to those with positive emotions. Admittedly, all of the studies measuring character traits above depend on self-report. Again, however, research papers on religion, this has not been found in the majority of studies. Given the importance of depression, its wide prevalence in the population, and the dysfunction that it causes both mental and physicalI describe the research findings in a bit more detail.
Although this is a small research papers on religion, it translates into the same effect size that gender has on depressive symptoms with the rate of depression being nearly twice as common in women compared to men. Those who are depressed, without hope, and with low self-esteem are at greater risk for committing suicide. Anxiety and fear often drive people toward religion as a way to cope with the anxiety. There is an old saying that emphasizes this dual role: religion comforts the afflicted and afflicts the comforted.
Sorting out cause and effect here is particularly difficult given the few prospective cohort studies that have examined this relationship over time. Among these studies were cross-sectional studies, 19 prospective cohort studies, 9 single-group experimental studies, and 32 randomized clinical trials. Of these studies, seven had quality ratings of seven or higher; of those, two found inverse relationships, two found positive relationship, two reported mixed results negative and positiveand one found no association.
Of the two studies with high-quality ratings, one found a positive association and the other reported mixed findings. The first study of US veterans with BP disorder found that a higher frequency of prayer or meditation was associated with mixed states and a lower likelihood of euthymia, although no association was found between any religious variable and depression or mania [ ]. A second study examined a random national sample of 37, Canadians and found that those who attributed greater importance to higher spiritual values were more likely to have BP disorder, whereas higher frequency of religious attendance was associated with a lower risk of disorder [ ].
In a qualitative study of 35 adults with bipolar disorder not included in the review aboveresearch papers on religion, one of the six themes that participants emphasized when discussing their quality of life was the spiritual dimension. In another report, a case of mania precipitated by Eastern meditation was discussed; also included in this article was a review of nine other published cases of psychosis occurring in the setting of meditation [ ]. Personality traits most commonly measured today in psychology are the Big Five: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, research papers on religion openness to experience.
These are assessed by the NEO Personality Inventory [ ]. Another personality inventory commonly used in the United Kingdom is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which assesses extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism [ ].
They score especially low on psychoticism and especially high on agreeableness and conscientiousness. These personality traits have physical health consequences that we are only beginning to recognize [ — ].
Introduction to Theological Research
, time: 10:55Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
Fill in the order form by following Research Papers On Religion the simple step-by-step procedure in order to pay essay writers at blogger.com Research Papers On Religion to write your essay online. The online payment process is % confidential and secure. Once you place your order, our writer will start working on your paper/10() Religion Research Paper Examples. See our collection of religion research paper examples. These example papers are to help you understanding how to write this type of written assignments. Religion is any cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, ethics, or organizations, that relate humanity to the supernatural or Dec 16, · This paper provides a concise but comprehensive review of research on religion/spirituality (R/S) and both mental health and physical health. It is based on a systematic review of original data-based quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals between and , including a few seminal articles published since Cited by:
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