May 14, · This article was co-authored by Alexander Peterman, MA. Alexander Peterman is a Private Tutor in Florida. He received his MA in Education from the University of Florida in There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed , times Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, Aléxandros; 20/21 July BC – 10/11 June BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. A member of the Argead dynasty, he was born in Pella—a city in Ancient Greece—in BC. He succeeded his father King Philip II to the throne at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling Aug 05, · Alexander III of Macedonia, commonly referred to as Alexander the Great, exhibited military genius, great courage, and lasting cultural impact during his reign as a king. He was born in Pella in B.C. and until his premature death at the age of 33 years in B.C. Alexander the Great’s impact on the world was of great significance, and he
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He succeeded his father King Philip II to the throne at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia and Northeastern Africa. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India, alexander the great essays.
During his youth, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of His father Philip was assassinated in BC at the wedding of Cleopatra of MacedonAlexander's sister, and Alexander assumed the throne of the Kingdom of Macedon. After sacking the city of ThebesAlexander was awarded the generalship of Greece. He used his authority to launch his father's pan-Hellenic project, which involved him assuming the leadership position to all the Greeks in their conquest of Persia. In BC he invaded the Achaemenid Empire Persian Empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years.
Following his conquest of Asia Minor modern-day TurkeyAlexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in BC, achieving an important victory over King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes.
He eventually turned back at the Beas River due to the demand of his homesick troops, dying in Babylon in BC; the city he planned to establish as his capital. He did not manage to execute a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his deatha series of civil wars tore his empire apart.
Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism which his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism and Hellenistic Judaism. He founded more than twenty cities that bore his namemost notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture resulted in Hellenistic civilizationwhich developed through the Roman Empire into modern Alexander the great essays culture. The Greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire up until its end in the midth century AD.
Greek-speaking communities in central and far eastern Anatolia survived until the Greek genocide and the population exchange in the s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of Achillesfeaturing prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. His military achievements and enduring, unprecedented success in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves.
Alexander was born in Pellathe capital of the Kingdom of Macedon[11] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaionwhich probably corresponds to 20 July BC although the exact date is uncertain. Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image.
Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious.
On the day Alexander was born, Philip was preparing a siege on the city of Potidea on the peninsula of Chalcidice. That same day, Philip received news that his general Parmenion had defeated the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies and that his horses had won at the Olympic Games. It was also said that on this day, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesusone of the Seven Wonders of the Worldburnt down.
This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Alexander. In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanikesister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. Later in his childhood, Alexander was tutored by the strict Leonidasa relative of his mother, and by Lysimachus of Acarnania. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents, alexander the great essays.
The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. Alexander, however, detecting the horse's fear of its own shadow, asked to tame the horse, which he eventually managed.
Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. When the animal died because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirtyAlexander named a city after him, Bucephala. When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutorand considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippusthe latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to alexander the great essays up the post.
In the end, Philip chose Aristotle and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. In return for teaching Alexander, alexander the great essays, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown of Stageirawhich Philip had razed, and to repopulate it by buying and freeing the ex-citizens who were slaves, or pardoning those who were in exile.
Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, alexander the great essays, such as PtolemyHephaistionand Cassander.
Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the "Companions". Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art.
Under Aristotle's tutelage, Alexander developed a passion for the works of Homerand in particular the Iliad ; Aristotle gave him an annotated copy, which Alexander later carried on his campaigns. Alexander the great essays was able to quote Euripides from memory. During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III.
Suda writes that Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of Alexander's teachers, and that Anaximenes also accompanied Alexander on his campaigns. At the age of 16, Alexander's education under Aristotle ended. Philip II had waged war against the Thracians to the north, which left Alexander in charge as regent and heir apparent.
During Philip's absence, alexander the great essays, the Thracian tribe of Maedi revolted against Macedonia. Alexander responded quickly and drove them from their territory. The territory was colonized, and a city, alexander the great essays, named Alexandropoliswas founded. Upon Philip's return, Alexander was dispatched with a small force to subdue the revolts in southern Alexander the great essays. Campaigning against the Greek city of PerinthusAlexander reportedly saved his father's life.
Meanwhile, the city of Amphissa began to work lands that were sacred to Apollo near Delphia sacrilege that gave Philip the opportunity alexander the great essays further intervene in Greek affairs. While Philip was occupied in Thrace, Alexander was ordered to muster an army for a campaign in southern Greece. Concerned that other Greek states might intervene, Alexander made it look as though he was preparing to attack Illyria instead, alexander the great essays.
During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander. Philip and his army joined his son in BC, and they marched south through Thermopylaetaking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. They went on to occupy the city of Elateaonly a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. The Athenians, led by Demosthenesvoted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia.
Both Athens and Philip sent embassies to win Thebes's favour, but Athens won the contest. Philip then returned to Alexander the great essays, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, alexander the great essays, who both rejected it.
As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near ChaeroneaBoeotia. During the ensuing Battle of ChaeroneaPhilip alexander the great essays the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. According to alexander the great essays ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time. Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line.
Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals, alexander the great essays. Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them.
With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded. Left to fight alone, alexander the great essays, they were defeated. After the victory at Chaeronea, alexander the great essays, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Spartathey were refused, but did not resort to war. Philip was then named Hegemon often translated as "Supreme Commander" of this league known by modern scholars as the League of Corinthand announced his plans to attack the Persian Empire.
When Philip returned to Pella, he fell in alexander the great essays with and married Cleopatra Eurydice in BC, [40] the niece of his general Attalus. At the wedding of Cleopatra, whom Philip fell in love with and married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus in his drink desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece.
This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, alexander the great essays I then a bastard? At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "See there," said he, "the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. In BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, alexander the great essays, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodonacapital of the Molossians.
In the following year, the Persian satrap governor of CariaPixodarusoffered his eldest daughter to Alexander's half-brother, alexander the great essays, Philip Arrhidaeus. When Philip heard of this, he stopped the alexander the great essays and scolded Alexander for wishing to marry the daughter of a Carian, alexander the great essays, explaining that he wanted a better bride for him.
In summer BC, while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to Olympias's brother, Alexander I of EpirusPhilip was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguardsPausanias. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne.
He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IVexecuted. Olympias had Cleopatra Eurydice and Europa, alexander the great essays, her daughter by Philip, burned alive. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious.
Alexander also ordered the murder of Attalus, [52] who was in command of the advance guard of the army in Asia Minor and Cleopatra's uncle, alexander the great essays. Attalus was at that time corresponding with Demosthenes, regarding the possibility of defecting to Athens.
Attalus also had severely insulted Alexander, and following Cleopatra's murder, Alexander may have considered him too dangerous to leave alive. News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt, including Thebes, Athens, Thessaly, and the Thracian tribes north of Macedon. When news of the revolts reached Alexander, he responded quickly. Though advised to use diplomacy, alexander the great essays, Alexander mustered 3, Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly.
He found the Thessalian army occupying the pass between Mount Olympus and Mount Ossaand ordered his men to ride over Mount Ossa. When the Thessalians awoke the next day, they found Alexander in their rear and promptly surrendered, adding their cavalry to Alexander's force.
He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. Alexander stopped at Thermopylae, where he was recognized as the leader of the Amphictyonic League before heading south to Corinth.
Athens sued for peace and Alexander pardoned the rebels. The famous encounter between Alexander and Diogenes alexander the great essays Cynic occurred during Alexander's alexander the great essays in Corinth.
When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight. He also received news of a Thracian uprising.
Alexander the Great and the Situation ... the Great? Crash Course World History #8
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Log in with either your Library Card Number or EZ Login. Library Card Number or EZ Username PIN or EZ Password. Remember Me May 14, · This article was co-authored by Alexander Peterman, MA. Alexander Peterman is a Private Tutor in Florida. He received his MA in Education from the University of Florida in There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed , times Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, Aléxandros; 20/21 July BC – 10/11 June BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. A member of the Argead dynasty, he was born in Pella—a city in Ancient Greece—in BC. He succeeded his father King Philip II to the throne at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling
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